basis of a non-competitive account of divine and human agency. God actually empowers the recipient of the gift so that the very obligations of the gift can be met. Barclay’s work represents a significant contribution to the complex discussion of divine and human agency in grace, that is, whether the relationship should be understood as properly “monergistic” or “synergistic”? Two of Barclay’s students, Kyle Wells and Ben Blackwell, have also made significant contributions regarding Pauline participation.